WM 75: Chasing the regulators

Time to trace the electrical wiring going to the auxiliary generators, to see how they interconnect with the voltage regulators.  These machines are under the cab floor (whose panels lift up) and they rest on the engine room floor.   That floor is covered with oil, grease and grime from - guess where - the leaky engines and fuel drains.  All of the fuel drains are designed with a place to put a cup under them, but no one does - contributing to a disgusting mess for anyone who has to work in those spaces.

Anyway, here is the original wiring diagram, for generator #1, straight from the schematic.  X1 is the regulator, A1 is the aux gen contactor, and RC1 detected reverse current.

Oh wait, there's more.  Notice how RC1 and A1 are interlocked through the engine start contactors.

Remember I said a lot of the regulator system had been ripped out of the locomotive before we got it.  Now, after a lot of cleanup and chasing wire connections, I was able to discover that this is the schematic of the unit as actually installed.   X1 is the regulator, now an EMD type.  The rest is gone. 

Wow, a lot simpler, huh.

WM 75 auxiliary generator blues

On your car, the alternator recharges the battery after you start it, and provides power for lights and controls.  On the GE 44 ton locomotives, this is done by an auxiliary generator.  In fact, each engine has its own auxiliary generator, regulator and associated circuits.

We have recently found that these are not working at all, and have not worked since at least 2011 Fall Color Tours.  We charge the battery with a small charger, and that's all the energy available to the locomotive for the whole day.  If somebody forgets to plug in the charger - no train!

I've been asked to take a look at that.   

Here are closeup pictures of Auxiliary Generator #1 (for engine #1).  Note that the glyptal paint is somewhat aged (not that this is necessarily a problem).  This machine actually has two separate generators in the same physical machine: the aux gen, and an exciter on the other end.  Here's the aux gen end of #1. 

You're looking at a commutator, which is how electricity gets to/from the armature (rotating part).   That is about what one should look like, though it could probably use freshening of the paint.  The crinkling of paint near the end of the armature is a little troubling, could be from overheat. 

Here is the exciter end of the same machine. 

Now let's look at auxiliary generator #2.  Here's the armature end.  Uh oh.  

Uh oh.  That white stuff suggests a problem.  It could be as simple as being connected to no load (or a bad regulator).  Because when a generator is driven like this, and is connected to no load, its voltage must increase toward infinity. That will eventually exceed its design voltage and cause a variety of problems.

Here's the exciter end of the same machine

That looks real good, almost to a fault!  Note all the red - I call that the "monkey with a spray can" look.  The armature (spinning part) should look that way - not the whole machine.  That's trouble. It's a cheap way to fake around a rather important maintenance procedure.

See, most armatures should be solid.  They should be nothing but coils, insulation and varnish.  There shouldn't be any air pockets in them, places where coil windings could vibrate, rub or have insulation fail.  There's a procedure used on a working (or repaired) armature that assures this.  The traditional method is called a "hot dip".  The armature is warmed to 125 degrees C to boil off any trapped water.  Then the armature (not the commutator) is dipped in varnish, with the idea that the varnish fills every air pocket and void in the armature.  Then it's baked at 125-150C to cure the varnish.  The trouble is, the varnish has solvents in it, which evaporate, leaving air pockets.

The modern way is called VPI. It uses an epoxy varnish which doesn't have any solvent so it fills all the space.  They set it in a tank, commutator up.  They draw a vacuum on the tank, which has a side-effect of boiling off any water in the armature (water boils at only 70 degrees in a pure vacuum.) Then they fill the tank with epoxy, remove the vacuum, and apply air pressure - this forces the epoxy into every possible void, turning the armature quite solid.  They drain off the excess epoxy (for reuse on other jobs) and turn on heat lamps.  The heat makes the epoxy cure in place.   Test, balance and paint the armature and done.

Some rebuilders don't have VPI equipment, or the volume of work needed to pay for having a huge vat of epoxy.  All they can do is whip out the spray can and hose the motor down with red insulating paint, which is "skipping the VPI altogether", a procedure not recommended by GE unless the armature is in excellent shape already and just happened to be out for light maintenance.  It impresses the customer because it looks good, but it doesn't really do anything to make the motor more reliable, which is the thing you're paying for. 

WM 75 contactors

Western Maryland 75 is an electrical beast, and there are several "power contactors" which make electrical connections to the traction motors, and connect the battery to the main generator for engine start.   I was asked to take a look at these, because they had been acting up, with the result that not all traction motors were engaging.  

The red things on the top are "arc chutes". P2 is removed so you can see.  On either side are metal pieces that serve as parts of a magnet.  In the back of the contactor, the main power cable loops around a bolt a couple times. Magnetism is rated in "ampere-turns", and with these big amps, just 1 or 2 turns makes a lot of magnetism. The bolt attaches to those metal plates, which act like a magnet.  When the contactor breaks (opens), current wants to keep flowing, and will leap across the contact points in a burning arc.  The magnet's job is to bend that arc so it goes up into the arc chute and extinguishes itself.

Anyway, along the bottom of the contactors is what are called "interlocks".  All of the ones on P1 through P4 are "normally open", meaning they don't connect until the contactor does.  The GS1 and GS2 interlocks are "normally closed", meaning when the contactor operates, they disconnect.  In this case, that's to disable things that should not run while you're cranking an engine, notably auxiliary generators and traction motors.

As you can see, they are pretty irregular.  I worked on them for a couple of days to clean them up.  

Detroit & Mackinac #10

Detroit & Mackinac is a railroad which operated between Bay City and Cheboygan, ultimately reaching its namesake Mackinac City via takeover of former Penn Central lines.   D&M was famous for being the first railroad to completely dieselize, and its Alco fleet included the first true road-switcher ever built, RS-2 #466.  These Alcos have been scrapped in recent years, despite last minute attempts. 

D&M #10, a GE 44-ton unit very similar to SMRS's own Western Maryland #75, was for sale by the  Steam Railroading Institute / Project 1225, who was near to scrapping it for lack of a buyer.  A donor arranged for it to be donated to SMRS, in a three-way trade which generated significant income to help repair the Mighty Chooch.

I took a trip to Owosso to take a look at the historic machine.  The locomotive spent most of the last 20 years unused, but indoors, either at the Tawas City roundhouse or the Project 1225 shop.  It had been primed in preparation for a return to the burgundy and gray D&M scheme.  The white primer held up OK, but the red deteriorated (as can happen with primers).   Internally, the machine is dusty and rusty, and will need a lot of mechanical love, but it should be a champ once restored.  

Getting a reliable locomotive

SMRS's financial revenues absolutely depend on hauling passengers.  And that depends on the Society's GE 44-ton locomotive, Western Maryland 75.  It's been giving a lot of trouble lately, and here are most of the problems. 

- Sanders not working due to clogs or water in sanders

- Oil drips falling directly onto the rails

- Contactors stuck or not working
- Battery won't hold a charge

- Electrical drain on battery 

- Neither auxiliary generator works

- Very poor pulling on grades

- Electrical diagram not updated 

- Poorly labeled controls

- Leaky windows

The trouble is, in many cases, when one system is having problems, people overload or overwork another system to compensate.  For instance, the lack of power makes it necessary to run both engines, doubling wear and tear.  

Over the next month or so, it is my hope that we can look at many of these issues.

Changing the purpose of this blog

You may be wondering about listings older than this.  This was originally the SaveSMRS blog which related to the 2009 takeover attempt.  As things worked out, not much could be said except in the most general sense, so it didn't amount to much.  The archival data has some value, so I'm retaining the information, but re-tasking the blog to more routine affairs.

Proxies, redux

The last explanation of proxies was pretty dense, so let's try a simpler take on it.

Are proxies allowed?

The first place you go for that answer is State Law. We can imagine State law saying one of four things:
#1 It could say Yes - accepting proxies is mandatory.
#2 It could say No - accepting proxies is forbidden.
#3 It could say Yes, unless disallowed in bylaws.
#4 It could say No, unless allowed in bylaws.

Michigan law says #3. Proxies are allowed, unless disallowed in bylaws. (note 1) In other words, the Bylaws are specifically allowed to override state law.

Bylaws? Those are the governing rules of a nonprofit. Every nonprofit must have them. But they're just rules, right? Do they have the force of law? YES - the above law gives them that force.

But stop for a moment and think about Bylaws.

Imagine you are starting a new nonprofit. Every one must have Bylaws, and you must write them. The Bylaws define how meetings occur. What is an agenda? How do you 'table' motions? When does the chairman vote? Arrrrgh! There are 1000 things to think about. How do you do this from scratch?

The answer is - you don't. There are already rulebooks which answer these questions. Robert's Rules, Riddick's, Demeter's, Sturgis's. Pick one. Include it into your bylaws by reference, and it becomes PART of the bylaws, in the same way that Bylaws are included by reference into state law.

SMRS Bylaws include Robert's Rules of Order. With a proviso: Robert's Rules apply if they are not overridden by 1) state law; 2) Bylaws; and 3) an action of the Board of Directors. (note 2).

Golly, you have to "allow" state law to override Robert's, that's one train you can't stop. Unless state law allows you to override it. (Michigan law allows Bylaws to prohibit proxies.)

Of course, it's also reasonable to allow Bylaws to override Robert's Rules. After all, Robert's got its authority from the Bylaws.

Allowing the Board of Directors to override Robert's is a very useful thing.

So there is the chain of authority.
State law > Bylaws > Board > Robert's Rules of Order.

Now - finally let's look at the question of proxies.

Are proxies allowed at SMRS?

1. State law says "Allowed, unless Bylaws say disallowed."

2. Bylaws say nothing.

3. Board of Directors actions have said nothing.

4. Robert's Rules of Order (note 3) says No, No, No, No! But it also says, if the Bylaws invoke Robert's Rules, that has the same effect as Bylaws prohibiting proxies. (assuming of course that is possible under state law.)

Adds up to: Proxies are disallowed at SMRS.

It is common knowledge that proxies are disallowed at nonprofits governed by Robert's Rules. Even Wikipedia discusses it. That's why I was so shocked when the inspector and the court so casually dismissed Robert's and allowed proxies. You can't dismiss Robert's - it's part of the Bylaws. How could they not know that? Real simple - lawyers are lawyers, not gods. They don't know everything. It's up to parties to remind them, which means it's up to parties to know the law, and be assertive.



Note 1: State Law.

MCL 450.2421 "(1) Except as otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or in a bylaw adopted by the shareholders or members, a shareholder or member entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders or members or to express consent or dissent without a meeting may authorize other persons to act for the shareholder or member by proxy."

Note 2: SMRS Bylaws.

(SMRS Bylaws 8.7) PARLIAMENTARY AUTHORITY: The procedures contained in Robert’s Rules of Order, Newly Revised current edition shall be employed in conducting General Membership meetings and meetings of the Board of Directors in all cases to which they are applicable, and in which they are not inconsistent with the laws of the State of Michigan, or of these bylaws or with any particular procedures which the Board of Directors may adopt.

Note 3: Robert's Rules

Roberts Rules of Order, Newly Revised 10th Edition, page 414:
(line 15) PROXY VOTING. A proxy is a power of attorney given by one person to another to vote in his stead; the term also designates the person who holds the power of attorney. Proxy voting is not permitted in ordinary deliberative assemblies unless the laws of the state in which the society is incorporated require it, or the charter or bylaws of the organization provide for it. Ordinarily it should neither be allowed nor required, because proxy voting is incompatible with the essential characteristics of a deliberative assembly in which membership is individual, personal, and nontransferable. In a stock corporation, on the other hand, where the ownership is transferable, the voice and vote of the member also is transferable, by use of a proxy. But in a nonstock corporation, where membership is usually on the same basis as an unincorporated, voluntary association, voting by proxy should not be permitted unless the state's corporation law - as applying to nonstock corporations - absolutely requires it.
(line 32) If the law under which an organization is incorporated allows proxy voting to be prohibited by a provision of the bylaws, the adoption of this book as a parliamentary authority by prescription in the bylaws should be treated as sufficient provision to accomplish that result.